Thursday, 30 April 2009
Friday, 17 April 2009
問題解答：卷一、卷二及其他
這裡解答一些有關機票減價那道題目的問題，因這些問題可用作示範如何驗證假說 (hypothesis)，有助同學思考。
問題一 by Anonymous ：
forQ9C
if i say there are only a few of first-class seat, the dicount policy will increase the administration cost ( transaction cost ).The transaction cost will rise the average price of the first-class seat in a higher amount .
Also if the cost of adopting the disounting arrangement is higher than the earning of adopting arrangement , then the arrangement wont exist .
由於頭等的座位少, 用 discount 既話會增加交易費用(行政費用), 而基於交易費用會平均攤分比頭等的機票, 所以每張頭等機票的價格會上升, 假如採用discount所賺既earning少過交費成本, 頭等機票便不會有discount
IS IT CORRECT ??
解答：
要實施減價安排，當然需要一些負責票務的人手從事，但經濟客位已有減價的安排，即航空公司已有票務人員從事減價的安排，這些人員熟知價格變動及減價的時間和幅度；為頭等客位減價是無需增設獨立團隊 (team of staff) 然後按經濟客位和頭等客位各自攤分這些成本的。而頭等客位的數量遠少於經濟客位，要就頭等客位減價根本無需多聘甚麼人手（即使多聘人手也不會令平均成本上升）。
問題二 by Anonymous ：
Is it possible to explain the pricing tatics by aruging that given the existence of info cost, lowering the price of first class ticket would mean a poorer service offered to consumers?
解答：
原來的票價固然反映了服務的質素。減價的安排並非劃一將票價調低，而是有空位時作出不同的減幅。這裡涉及的是減價安排，而非劃一調低票價。減價安排會減低服務質素這論點解釋不了為何經濟客位提供減價安排。在減價安排下，不同的服務質素必然存在相應的價格，邏輯上你不能說經濟客位可以在減價安排下有這樣的一個價，而頭等客位則沒有。
另簡覆一些其他問題。
問題三 by Anonymous：
我想問關於第5題，那條題目的意思是指每個國家一單位資源的產出如下，那為什麼題目中的資料是or，而不是and呢?? 我的意思是指，那個題目given的圖表，為什麼不是指在1單位資源下所能夠生產的x and y and z 的的數量，而係x or y or z的數量呢??
question 5 題目既字眼好難分辨到係一單位生產所有物品or只生產到一物品, 以前者既方法計算，就此全軍覆沒？多謝指教。
解答：
從題中的「下表顯示各國使用一單位的投入可生產的產出的數量」及三種物品以三個獨立的欄（separate columns）分列，正常的理解是（就A國而言）一單位的投入可生產的物品X為1，一單位的投入可生產的物品Y為2，一單位的投入可生產的物品Z為 1.5，如此類推。再者，若把物品X、Y及Z的產出理解為一單位的投入同時可生產的物品，題中應附有關於在三種物品之間的投入分配，否則不能計算 (a) 至 (d) 的答案。
（續）問題三 by Anonymous：
多謝阿sir百忙之中抽空回應，但用and仍可以做計到a至d的答案...
以(a)為例依阿sir你理解，是1x or 2y or 1.5z，然後出到(a)部份A國的機會成本資料, 但如果用and的話，就是1x and 2y and 1.5z，即是3x or 6y or 4.5z，同樣地可以出到相同比例的機會成本資料。不過之後b,c,d答案就會三倍化，理解有錯嗎?
再一次多謝阿sir回應...
解答：
若你假設是 AND 的話，你需要假設三國皆平均分配資源才可計算出機會成本及餘下的其他部份。
問題四 by Anonymous：
請問如果第六題, 我寫consumption coupon係增加mpc, 因為consumption coupon令貨品價格下趺, 合理嗎?^^
請問如果第六條, 我寫consumption coupon 影響mpc, 因為價格下趺,mpc上升, 合理嗎??^^
解答：
消費函數是可用收入的函數 (consumption function is a function of disposable income)；而在 Elementary Keynesian Model 中價格是假設為不變的。
另外，有些同學問「評級的問題」一貼中所說的 75 所除的總分是多少。同學是沒有看懂我的文章了。多看一遍吧。
這裡貼上已答覆的問題，方便同學閱讀。
by abbc1332：
For question 6(b)
Do you think that a loss to the employer due to the choice of share contract is a possible answer? I answer it based on 佃農理論 and my final conclusion is that other contract will be chosen by the employer to avoid that part of loss.
For qustion 7(b)
My answer is: A transferable license can lower the information cost of hunter since they are now no need to know fully about their own productivity in advance.(If they found they loss money hunting there, they can simplily sell it to others.)So, with a restrictive supply, the price should gone up as well as the revenue. Is it possible answer?
解答：
Actually there is no need for you to answer the question with "the theory of share tenancy", which could possibly cover issues ranging from the invariance of contractual arrangements (with full consideration of the constraint of competition) to the choice of contracts under different constraints, to the prediction of farming intensity under share restriction, &c., &c. Of course, the choice of contracts subject to TC constraints is always important in AL exam, but before you use any concepts uncovered in the syllabus you must make sure that you understand those concepts accurately. And you would do it better by considering the constraints in different scenarios without confining yourself to something you may have learnt. Anyway, the focus of the question lies more on why factories do not turn to use share contracts to evade the employer-employee relationship (i.e. the problem of using share contract). If you can point out why other contractual arrangements can evade such relationship at a low transaction costs than the share contracts, definitely it's a reasoned answer.
It's unclear what you mean by restrictive supply --- you are probably referring to a fixed quantity. Actually the licence issuing department would sell less licences when the licences are transferable. Don't worry. Most candidates would do the same.
問題一 by Anonymous ：
forQ9C
if i say there are only a few of first-class seat, the dicount policy will increase the administration cost ( transaction cost ).The transaction cost will rise the average price of the first-class seat in a higher amount .
Also if the cost of adopting the disounting arrangement is higher than the earning of adopting arrangement , then the arrangement wont exist .
由於頭等的座位少, 用 discount 既話會增加交易費用(行政費用), 而基於交易費用會平均攤分比頭等的機票, 所以每張頭等機票的價格會上升, 假如採用discount所賺既earning少過交費成本, 頭等機票便不會有discount
IS IT CORRECT ??
解答：
要實施減價安排，當然需要一些負責票務的人手從事，但經濟客位已有減價的安排，即航空公司已有票務人員從事減價的安排，這些人員熟知價格變動及減價的時間和幅度；為頭等客位減價是無需增設獨立團隊 (team of staff) 然後按經濟客位和頭等客位各自攤分這些成本的。而頭等客位的數量遠少於經濟客位，要就頭等客位減價根本無需多聘甚麼人手（即使多聘人手也不會令平均成本上升）。
問題二 by Anonymous ：
Is it possible to explain the pricing tatics by aruging that given the existence of info cost, lowering the price of first class ticket would mean a poorer service offered to consumers?
解答：
原來的票價固然反映了服務的質素。減價的安排並非劃一將票價調低，而是有空位時作出不同的減幅。這裡涉及的是減價安排，而非劃一調低票價。減價安排會減低服務質素這論點解釋不了為何經濟客位提供減價安排。在減價安排下，不同的服務質素必然存在相應的價格，邏輯上你不能說經濟客位可以在減價安排下有這樣的一個價，而頭等客位則沒有。
另簡覆一些其他問題。
問題三 by Anonymous：
我想問關於第5題，那條題目的意思是指每個國家一單位資源的產出如下，那為什麼題目中的資料是or，而不是and呢?? 我的意思是指，那個題目given的圖表，為什麼不是指在1單位資源下所能夠生產的x and y and z 的的數量，而係x or y or z的數量呢??
question 5 題目既字眼好難分辨到係一單位生產所有物品or只生產到一物品, 以前者既方法計算，就此全軍覆沒？多謝指教。
解答：
從題中的「下表顯示各國使用一單位的投入可生產的產出的數量」及三種物品以三個獨立的欄（separate columns）分列，正常的理解是（就A國而言）一單位的投入可生產的物品X為1，一單位的投入可生產的物品Y為2，一單位的投入可生產的物品Z為 1.5，如此類推。再者，若把物品X、Y及Z的產出理解為一單位的投入同時可生產的物品，題中應附有關於在三種物品之間的投入分配，否則不能計算 (a) 至 (d) 的答案。
（續）問題三 by Anonymous：
多謝阿sir百忙之中抽空回應，但用and仍可以做計到a至d的答案...
以(a)為例依阿sir你理解，是1x or 2y or 1.5z，然後出到(a)部份A國的機會成本資料, 但如果用and的話，就是1x and 2y and 1.5z，即是3x or 6y or 4.5z，同樣地可以出到相同比例的機會成本資料。不過之後b,c,d答案就會三倍化，理解有錯嗎?
再一次多謝阿sir回應...
解答：
若你假設是 AND 的話，你需要假設三國皆平均分配資源才可計算出機會成本及餘下的其他部份。
問題四 by Anonymous：
請問如果第六題, 我寫consumption coupon係增加mpc, 因為consumption coupon令貨品價格下趺, 合理嗎?^^
請問如果第六條, 我寫consumption coupon 影響mpc, 因為價格下趺,mpc上升, 合理嗎??^^
解答：
消費函數是可用收入的函數 (consumption function is a function of disposable income)；而在 Elementary Keynesian Model 中價格是假設為不變的。
另外，有些同學問「評級的問題」一貼中所說的 75 所除的總分是多少。同學是沒有看懂我的文章了。多看一遍吧。
這裡貼上已答覆的問題，方便同學閱讀。
by abbc1332：
For question 6(b)
Do you think that a loss to the employer due to the choice of share contract is a possible answer? I answer it based on 佃農理論 and my final conclusion is that other contract will be chosen by the employer to avoid that part of loss.
For qustion 7(b)
My answer is: A transferable license can lower the information cost of hunter since they are now no need to know fully about their own productivity in advance.(If they found they loss money hunting there, they can simplily sell it to others.)So, with a restrictive supply, the price should gone up as well as the revenue. Is it possible answer?
解答：
Actually there is no need for you to answer the question with "the theory of share tenancy", which could possibly cover issues ranging from the invariance of contractual arrangements (with full consideration of the constraint of competition) to the choice of contracts under different constraints, to the prediction of farming intensity under share restriction, &c., &c. Of course, the choice of contracts subject to TC constraints is always important in AL exam, but before you use any concepts uncovered in the syllabus you must make sure that you understand those concepts accurately. And you would do it better by considering the constraints in different scenarios without confining yourself to something you may have learnt. Anyway, the focus of the question lies more on why factories do not turn to use share contracts to evade the employer-employee relationship (i.e. the problem of using share contract). If you can point out why other contractual arrangements can evade such relationship at a low transaction costs than the share contracts, definitely it's a reasoned answer.
It's unclear what you mean by restrictive supply --- you are probably referring to a fixed quantity. Actually the licence issuing department would sell less licences when the licences are transferable. Don't worry. Most candidates would do the same.
Monday, 13 April 2009
2009 高考經濟學 卷二 B & C 參考答案
本想早點完成卷二的參考答案，奈何工作繁多，又因本年的卷二題目較簡單直接，同學的爭議較少，擱下來了便遲遲未動筆。中文版將稍後發布，請同學耐心等待。
(b) False. With an expectation-augmented Phillips curve, if the actual rate of inflation is lower than the expected rate, cyclical unemployment will be positive, i.e. cyclical unemployment coexists with inflation. Inflation, when fully anticipated, can coexist with natural unemployment.
(c) False. It would be generally more difficult to turn water into other goods and services at short notice without incurring loss, as in normal situations travelers would equip themselves with enough water and therefore water would not be easily marketable. (Given that money is a generally accepted medium of exchange and a better store of value, money is still the most liquid asset even in the Sahara Desert.)
(d) False. A fixed exchange rate system could not be maintained if the central bank does not have enough foreign exchange reserves to keep its currency at the target value. In terms of stability of exchange rate, under a fixed exchange rate system with a currency band, the exchange rate of a currency may fluctuate within the currency band while under a flexible exchange rate system the market exchange rate can be rather stable if there is no wild fluctuations in the demand for and supply of the currency, or if the effects of the fluctuations in the demand for and supply of the currency on the exchange rate offset each other.
Question 2
(a) Inclusive of the principal, the real interest rate is the price of goods today in terms of goods tomorrow.
(b) Inclusive of the principal, the nominal interest rate is the price of money today in terms of money tomorrow.
(c) Nominal interest rate is equal to the sum of the real interest rate and the anticipated inflation rate. The inflation rate is expected (or ex ante) because the actual inflation rate is not realized at the time when the nominal interest rate is determined.
(d) If we interpret money as a non-interest-bearing asset, the nominal interest rate, being the return on holding other interest-bearing assets, is the cost of holding money. The nominal interest rate in this case is equal to the interest differential between the return on other interest-bearing assets and money, and the nominal interest differential is equal to the real interest differential. In the case of money being an interest-bearing asset, the nominal interest differential is still equal to the real interest differential, and both can be interpreted as the cost of holding money.
Question 3
(a) In equilibrium, Y = C + I + G for a closed economy, and therefore Y − C − G = I. National saving (S = Y − C − G), representing the part of output not consumed by the households and the governments, would be equal to investment.
(b) Real investment is equated to national saving in a closed economy because both investment and saving are decisions related to real resources (investment referring to the accumulation of capital goods while saving referring to output not consumed by the households and the government).
(c)(i) In equilibrium, Y = C + I + G + NX for an open economy, and therefore Y − C − G − I = NX. (S − I) equals NX.
(ii) The excess of domestic investment over national saving would be financed by net imports (NX <>), which can be viewed a net capital inflow (recall the balance of payment condition of NX = −KFA).
(d) A high consumption country would tend to have a low level of national saving. Given the condition of (S − I) = NX and a certain level of I, it is more likely that S falls below I, resulting in a trade deficit (NX <>).
Section C
Question 4
(a) A liquidity trap means the situation where the interest rate reaches a sufficiently low level and the opportunity cost of holding money (the return on other interest-bearing assets) is so low that people would hold money (as an asset providing liquidity) rather than other interest-bearing assets, which are likely to incur capital loss to their holders. The money demand curve will be perfectly interest elastic (with a horizontal portion at the existing interest rate).
(b) Under a liquidity trap, an increase in income (Y) and therefore the transaction demand for money would be offset by a corresponding decrease in asset demand for money at the existing interest rate (or an infinitesimally small increase in the interest rate).
An increase in money supply by the central bank would not lead to a fall in interest rate because the newly printed money would be translated into money demanded for asset purpose at the going interest rate, therefore would not be able to stimulate output.
(c) When interest rate is used as the policy instrument, an increase in income (Y) and therefore the transaction demand for money, given a downward sloping money demand curve without the perfectly interest elastic portion, would have to be accompanied by a corresponding increase in money supply by the central bank so that the equilibrium interest rate remains at the target level.
(d) The central bank would be able to lower the interest rate, but given the perfectly interest-elastic money demand it will result in money market disequilibrium. Therefore, in the context of money market equilibrium central bank could not lower the interest rate. If a liquidity trap occurs at the zero lower bound of interest rate, the interest rate could not be lowered, irrespective of whether money market equilibrium is considered.
Question 5
(a)(i)
In country A, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 2Y or 1.5Z ; 1Y = 0.5X or 0.75Z ; 1Z = 2/3X or 4/3Y
In country B, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 2/3Y or 2Z ; 1Y = 1.5X or 3Z ; 1Z = 0.5X or 1/3Y
In country C, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 0.625Y or 1.5Z ; 1Y = 1.6X or 2.4Z ; 1Z = 2/3X or 5/12Y
(ii)
Comparative advantage
Good X: country C ; Good Y: country A ; Good Z: country B
(b)
Total world production under autarky
Good X: 8 units ; Good Y: 6.5 units ; Good Z: 13.5 units
(c)
Total world production under complete specialization
Good X: 12 units ; Good Y: 6 units ; Good Z: 18 units
(d)(i)
Consumption for each country
Good X: 4 units ; Good Y: 2 units ; Good Z: 6 units
Both country A and B will gain (country A consumes the same quantity of Good Y but a larger quantity of Good X and Z, and country B consumes the same quantity of Good Y and Z but a larger quantity of Good X). Country C will lose (it consumes the same quantity of Good X and Z but a smaller quantity of Good Y).
(ii)
The winner(s) (A and/or B) has/have to compensate at least 0.8X to C (country C’s opportunity cost of producing 0.5Y = 0.8X).
Question 6
(由於此題包含符號，只能以圖片上載，同學按下圖片便能看得清楚。)
The answers provided hereunder offer only the correct approach to the questions, rather than the points that should be included in the examination for scoring marks. Readers should not simply evaluate their scores in the live examination on this basis (Readers in general may not know why it is so, although my students would definitely understand what I mean.)
Section B
Question 1
Section B
Question 1
(a) False. The importation of workers from abroad will increase a country’s GDP only if there is no worker displacement or in the presence of worker displacement the productivity of imported workers are higher than the displaced workers. If the productivity of imported workers is lower than that of the displaced workers, the country’s GDP will fall. The first part of the statement is correct though, because GNP will decrease (increase) if the imported workers work for a period shorter than one year and their contribution to GDP, measured by marginal productivity, is smaller (larger) than the wage payments they earn in the economy, even in the absence of worker displacement.
(b) False. With an expectation-augmented Phillips curve, if the actual rate of inflation is lower than the expected rate, cyclical unemployment will be positive, i.e. cyclical unemployment coexists with inflation. Inflation, when fully anticipated, can coexist with natural unemployment.
(c) False. It would be generally more difficult to turn water into other goods and services at short notice without incurring loss, as in normal situations travelers would equip themselves with enough water and therefore water would not be easily marketable. (Given that money is a generally accepted medium of exchange and a better store of value, money is still the most liquid asset even in the Sahara Desert.)
(d) False. A fixed exchange rate system could not be maintained if the central bank does not have enough foreign exchange reserves to keep its currency at the target value. In terms of stability of exchange rate, under a fixed exchange rate system with a currency band, the exchange rate of a currency may fluctuate within the currency band while under a flexible exchange rate system the market exchange rate can be rather stable if there is no wild fluctuations in the demand for and supply of the currency, or if the effects of the fluctuations in the demand for and supply of the currency on the exchange rate offset each other.
Question 2
(a) Inclusive of the principal, the real interest rate is the price of goods today in terms of goods tomorrow.
(b) Inclusive of the principal, the nominal interest rate is the price of money today in terms of money tomorrow.
(c) Nominal interest rate is equal to the sum of the real interest rate and the anticipated inflation rate. The inflation rate is expected (or ex ante) because the actual inflation rate is not realized at the time when the nominal interest rate is determined.
(d) If we interpret money as a non-interest-bearing asset, the nominal interest rate, being the return on holding other interest-bearing assets, is the cost of holding money. The nominal interest rate in this case is equal to the interest differential between the return on other interest-bearing assets and money, and the nominal interest differential is equal to the real interest differential. In the case of money being an interest-bearing asset, the nominal interest differential is still equal to the real interest differential, and both can be interpreted as the cost of holding money.
Question 3
(a) In equilibrium, Y = C + I + G for a closed economy, and therefore Y − C − G = I. National saving (S = Y − C − G), representing the part of output not consumed by the households and the governments, would be equal to investment.
(b) Real investment is equated to national saving in a closed economy because both investment and saving are decisions related to real resources (investment referring to the accumulation of capital goods while saving referring to output not consumed by the households and the government).
(c)(i) In equilibrium, Y = C + I + G + NX for an open economy, and therefore Y − C − G − I = NX. (S − I) equals NX.
(ii) The excess of domestic investment over national saving would be financed by net imports (NX <>), which can be viewed a net capital inflow (recall the balance of payment condition of NX = −KFA).
(d) A high consumption country would tend to have a low level of national saving. Given the condition of (S − I) = NX and a certain level of I, it is more likely that S falls below I, resulting in a trade deficit (NX <>).
Section C
Question 4
(a) A liquidity trap means the situation where the interest rate reaches a sufficiently low level and the opportunity cost of holding money (the return on other interest-bearing assets) is so low that people would hold money (as an asset providing liquidity) rather than other interest-bearing assets, which are likely to incur capital loss to their holders. The money demand curve will be perfectly interest elastic (with a horizontal portion at the existing interest rate).
(b) Under a liquidity trap, an increase in income (Y) and therefore the transaction demand for money would be offset by a corresponding decrease in asset demand for money at the existing interest rate (or an infinitesimally small increase in the interest rate).
An increase in money supply by the central bank would not lead to a fall in interest rate because the newly printed money would be translated into money demanded for asset purpose at the going interest rate, therefore would not be able to stimulate output.
(c) When interest rate is used as the policy instrument, an increase in income (Y) and therefore the transaction demand for money, given a downward sloping money demand curve without the perfectly interest elastic portion, would have to be accompanied by a corresponding increase in money supply by the central bank so that the equilibrium interest rate remains at the target level.
(d) The central bank would be able to lower the interest rate, but given the perfectly interest-elastic money demand it will result in money market disequilibrium. Therefore, in the context of money market equilibrium central bank could not lower the interest rate. If a liquidity trap occurs at the zero lower bound of interest rate, the interest rate could not be lowered, irrespective of whether money market equilibrium is considered.
Question 5
(a)(i)
In country A, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 2Y or 1.5Z ; 1Y = 0.5X or 0.75Z ; 1Z = 2/3X or 4/3Y
In country B, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 2/3Y or 2Z ; 1Y = 1.5X or 3Z ; 1Z = 0.5X or 1/3Y
In country C, the opportunity cost of producing
1X = 0.625Y or 1.5Z ; 1Y = 1.6X or 2.4Z ; 1Z = 2/3X or 5/12Y
(ii)
Comparative advantage
Good X: country C ; Good Y: country A ; Good Z: country B
(b)
Total world production under autarky
Good X: 8 units ; Good Y: 6.5 units ; Good Z: 13.5 units
(c)
Total world production under complete specialization
Good X: 12 units ; Good Y: 6 units ; Good Z: 18 units
(d)(i)
Consumption for each country
Good X: 4 units ; Good Y: 2 units ; Good Z: 6 units
Both country A and B will gain (country A consumes the same quantity of Good Y but a larger quantity of Good X and Z, and country B consumes the same quantity of Good Y and Z but a larger quantity of Good X). Country C will lose (it consumes the same quantity of Good X and Z but a smaller quantity of Good Y).
(ii)
The winner(s) (A and/or B) has/have to compensate at least 0.8X to C (country C’s opportunity cost of producing 0.5Y = 0.8X).
Question 6
(由於此題包含符號，只能以圖片上載，同學按下圖片便能看得清楚。)
Friday, 10 April 2009
評級的問題
在電郵和網誌中都收到不少同學的問題，很多是有關評級的，例如多少分可拿到 A / B / C。很明白同學非常關心自己的成績，想知道自己大概會得到甚麼 grade，這裡作一點回應。
同學問，過往各等級的分數屬於機密資料，不能公開，那估計今年的分數可以嗎？從事這些工作多年，估計不同等級的分數當然沒有難度，問題是，假如我對你說 75 分能得 A，55 分能得 C，你知道 75 分和 55 分是甚麼意思嗎？我這樣給出一個分數，也許會令同學錯誤估計自己的等級，因為你心目中的 75 分，與現實考試中的 75 分是可以很不同的。
試卷的深淺程度，改卷時的寬緊，還有其他的因素，都會影響分數。一條看似顯淺的題目，你有九成把握，並不必然代表你能拿到九成的分數。一條你毫無頭緒的題目，但你寫了一些自己認為合理的答案，分數亦不一定很低。考生的答案五花八門，哪些答案可以得到較高分數，哪些較低，資深的閱卷員可以判斷得到，但一個考生很難為自己的答案作出準確的判斷。如果我說，就今年的題目而言 75 分可以拿 A，那是基於我對題目的深淺及一貫評卷的寬緊作出的估計，但你對自己分數的估計與我的不同，差異可能很大，若你是我的學生，差異可能小一點，但你的估計也不一定與我相同。
這也是我在參考答案中加上一段解說的原因（當然，同學大多會跳過這段文字，直接看答案去也）。參考答案只為讓同學知道每條題目的重點及正確的思考方向，嘗試滿足同學試後的求知慾，不要把它當成 marking scheme。不要再反覆思考自己錯了甚麼，對了甚麼，每晚睡不好，只會影響往後的考試。
往事已矣，努力向前吧！
同學問，過往各等級的分數屬於機密資料，不能公開，那估計今年的分數可以嗎？從事這些工作多年，估計不同等級的分數當然沒有難度，問題是，假如我對你說 75 分能得 A，55 分能得 C，你知道 75 分和 55 分是甚麼意思嗎？我這樣給出一個分數，也許會令同學錯誤估計自己的等級，因為你心目中的 75 分，與現實考試中的 75 分是可以很不同的。
試卷的深淺程度，改卷時的寬緊，還有其他的因素，都會影響分數。一條看似顯淺的題目，你有九成把握，並不必然代表你能拿到九成的分數。一條你毫無頭緒的題目，但你寫了一些自己認為合理的答案，分數亦不一定很低。考生的答案五花八門，哪些答案可以得到較高分數，哪些較低，資深的閱卷員可以判斷得到，但一個考生很難為自己的答案作出準確的判斷。如果我說，就今年的題目而言 75 分可以拿 A，那是基於我對題目的深淺及一貫評卷的寬緊作出的估計，但你對自己分數的估計與我的不同，差異可能很大，若你是我的學生，差異可能小一點，但你的估計也不一定與我相同。
這也是我在參考答案中加上一段解說的原因（當然，同學大多會跳過這段文字，直接看答案去也）。參考答案只為讓同學知道每條題目的重點及正確的思考方向，嘗試滿足同學試後的求知慾，不要把它當成 marking scheme。不要再反覆思考自己錯了甚麼，對了甚麼，每晚睡不好，只會影響往後的考試。
往事已矣，努力向前吧！
Thursday, 9 April 2009
管理員通告：
昨天考評局發出聲明，刪除卷二MC第七及第八題。詳情見：
http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/DocLibrary/HKALE/news/press_20090408_statement_chi.pdf
http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/DocLibrary/HKALE/news/press_20090408_statement_chi.pdf
Wednesday, 8 April 2009
管理員通告：提問和回覆
各位同學：
管理員上
自本網誌建立後，Cliff Yeung 從電郵及本網誌收到大量有關考試的提問，看見同學對自己的前途著緊，又對經濟學如此熱衷，Cliff Yeung 表示感到欣慰。惟由於 Cliff Yeung 時間有限，無法回覆所有同學的提問，只能按提問的深度和價值選擇性作出回應，這裡為沒有得到回覆的同學致歉。Cliff Yeung 鼓勵同學多與朋輩討論經濟學問題，多觀察周遭經濟現象並加以分析，必能有所獲益。
管理員上
Monday, 6 April 2009
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